Glionitrin A

ID 2: CAS Registry Number 1116153-15-1

Toxin: unknown

Trivial name:

Glionitrin A

Systematic name:

10H-​3,​10a-​Epidithiopyrazino[1,​2-​a]​indole-​1,​4-​dione, 2,​3-​dihydro-​3-​(hydroxymethyl)​-​2-​methyl-​7-​nitro-​, (3S,​10aS)​-

Molecular formulae: 

C13 H11 N3 O5 S2

Molecular weight: 353.37

Chemical abstract number: CAS Registry Number 1116153-15-1

References URL: 

Aspergillus Species known to produce this metabolite:

History:

In a recent study, we isolated the diketopiperazine disulfide glionitrin A from the co-culture broth of a mine drainage-derived fungus (Aspergillus fumigatus KMC901) and bacterium (Sphingomonas KMK001). Here, we investigated the antitumor activity of glionitrin A and its underlying molecular mechanisms in human prostate cancer DU145 cells. Glionitrin A showed significant cytotoxicity, promoting cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Glionitrin A-treated cells exhibited elevated levels of phospho-histone 2AX (Ser139), a marker of DNA damage, and accumulated in both S phase and G2/M phase due to the activation of checkpoints associated with the ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated and ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated-Rad3-related Chk1/2 pathway downstream of p53-binding protein 1 phosphorylation at Ser1778. In addition, glionitrin A induced apoptosis through both caspase-dependent and -independent pathways. Glionitrin A activated caspase-8, -9 and -3 and also released endonuclease G from the mitochondria to the nucleus in a dose-dependent manner. Our in vivo study performed in nude mice bearing xenografts of DU145 cells showed that glionitrin A dramatically reduced the tumor volume by an average of 38.2% (5 mg/kg, per os (p.o.)) and 71.3% (10 mg/kg, p.o.) at 27 d after the beginning of treatment. Taken together, these findings provide a detailed description of the mechanism underlying the biological activity of the new natural product glionitrin A, which has the potential to be developed as an anti-prostate cancer agent.

Structure image:  

Glionitrin A

Mycotoxin & Metabolites

Mycotoxin & Metabolite database

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